-Minimum, optimum, and maximum are all values used for type setting when you justify something. The values refer to the amount of space between words.
-- What is the optimum space between words?
-The optimum space between words is less than the leading, but wide enough to differenciate between words without the text blocking looking too black. Really, it's something that you have to look at and judge for yourself, since it differs based on font size and leading.
-- What are some ways to indicate a new paragraph. Are there any rules?
Indent, First Line Indent, Hanging Indent
- Indent is moving some or all of the text lines in from the margins by a specified amount. It gives an easy entry point into a paragraph, and it related to the size of the type. Additionally it can be determined by the grid.
- First Line Indent is where the text is indented from the left margin in the first line of the second and subsequent paragraphs. Generally, the first paragraph following a heading, subhead, or crosshead isn't indented because it introduces an awkward space, although it can be done
- Hanging indent is an indention from a left or right margin which affects several text lines (like a running indent), however the first line is not indented.
- Traditionally the first paragraph isn't indented, with indentation starting with the second paragraph. In addition, you should always use the 'tab' key when indenting paragraphs, rather than just using the spacebar.
-- What are the rules associated with hyphenation?
- A hyphen is strictly for hyphenating words or line breaks.
- Never use two hypens instens of a dash
- Avoid more than two hyphenations in a row
- Avoid too many hyphenations in any paragraph
- Avoid stupid hyphenations (e.g. therapist as the-rapist)
- Never hypehnate a heading
- Break lines sensibly
-- What is a ligature?
- A ligature replaces two or three characters with a single unit. Ligatures prevent the collision or interference of characters, particularly the extended finial of the 'f' and the dot of the 'i'
-- What does CMYK and RGB mean?
- RGB is red, green, blue color selection
- CMYK is cyan, magenta, yellow, and black color selection
- when preparing to work for on-screen use, designers employ RGB, and when preparing for print they use CMYK
-- What does hanging punctuation mean?
- Hanging punctuation is an occurrence in justified text where punctuation is allowed to extend into the right-hand margin area to make the margin look neater.
-- What is the difference between a foot mark and an apostrophe? What is the difference between
an inch mark and a quote mark (smart quote)?
- Foot and inch marks are straight and resemble upside-down tears, whereas apostrophes and quote marks look like inverted commas and they actuall enclose the text.
-- What is a hyphen, en dash and em dashes, what are the differences and when are they used.
The em. The en
- The em is used to define basic spacing functions. It's equal to the size of the type, so if the type is 36pt, then the em is 36pt. Even though it sounds like it should be realated to the letter m, it the m will rarely be as wide as the em.
- The en is half of the em. So if the type is 36pt, then the en is 18 pt. The en rule is used for nested clauses as well as 'to' phrases, such as in 10 to 11 or 1999 to 2000.
Dashes
- Ems and ens are used in punctuation to dente dash length, and each has a specific function.
- The em is the size of the font itself and is used to separate out parenthetical thoughts as well as to show when there is an interuption
- An en, as stated earlier is 1/2 of an em and is used for nested clauses, as well as the 'to' phrases. In addition, it can be used like the em dash to separate out paranthetical thoughts when an em dash would be at the end of a line or would look odd. The en is also used to combine two hyphenated terms, and also to combine two terms that don't modify each other (for example, with names as is common in science: Boss--Einstein Condensate
- A hyphen is 1/3 of an em, and is used to join words and separate syllables.
- As a note, the bullets I am using in this blog entry are hyphens; in addition, em and en dashes are not part of a standard keyboard and instead fall under special characters.
-- What is a widow and an orphan?
Widow
- A lone word at the end of a paragraph. This is NOT desireable and the type should be somehow adjusted to avoid this
Orphan
- The final one or two lines of a paragraph separated from the main paragraph to form a new column and should be avoided at all costs
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